NVIDIA HierarchicalKV(Beta)

About HierarchicalKV

HierarchicalKV is a part of NVIDIA Merlin and provides hierarchical key-value storage to meet RecSys requirements.

The key capability of HierarchicalKV is to store key-value (feature-embedding) on high-bandwidth memory (HBM) of GPUs and in host memory.

You can also use the library for generic key-value storage.

Benefits

When building large recommender systems, machine learning (ML) engineers face the following challenges:

• GPUs are needed, but HBM on a single GPU is too small for the large DLRMs that scale to several terabytes.
• Improving communication performance is getting more difficult in larger and larger CPU clusters.
• It is difficult to efficiently control consumption growth of limited HBM with customized strategies.
• Most generic key-value libraries provide low HBM and host memory utilization.

HierarchicalKV alleviates these challenges and helps the machine learning engineers in RecSys with the following benefits:

• Supports training large RecSys models on HBM and host memory at the same time.
• Provides better performance by full bypassing CPUs and reducing the communication workload.
• Implements table-size restraint strategies that are based on LRU or customized strategies. The strategies are implemented by CUDA kernels.
• Operates at a high working-status load factor that is close to 1.0.

Key ideas

• Buckets are locally ordered
• Store keys and values separately
• Store all the keys in HBM
• Build-in and customizable eviction strategy

HierarchicalKV makes NVIDIA GPUs more suitable for training large and super-large models of search, recommendations, and advertising. The library simplifies the common challenges to building, evaluating, and serving sophisticated recommenders models.

API Documentation

The main classes and structs are below, but reading the comments in the source code is recommended:

• class HashTable
• class EvictStrategy
• struct HashTableOptions

For regular API doc, please refer to API Docs

API Maturity Matrix

industry-validated means the API has been well-tested and verified in at least one real-world scenario.

Name	Description	Function
insert_or_assign	Insert or assign for the specified keys. Overwrite one key with minimum score when bucket is full.	industry-validated
insert_and_evict	Insert new keys, and evict keys with minimum score when bucket is full.	industry-validated
find_or_insert	Search for the specified keys, and insert them when missed.	well-tested
assign	Update for each key and bypass when missed.	well-tested
accum_or_assign	Search and update for each key. If found, add value as a delta to the original value. If missed, update it directly.	well-tested
find_or_insert*	Search for the specified keys and return the pointers of values. Insert them firstly when missing.	well-tested
find	Search for the specified keys.	industry-validated
find*	Search and return the pointers of values, thread-unsafe but with high performance.	well-tested
export_batch	Exports a certain number of the key-value-score tuples.	industry-validated
export_batch_if	Exports a certain number of the key-value-score tuples which match specific conditions.	industry-validated
warmup	Move the hot key-values from HMEM to HBM	June 15, 2023

Evict Strategy

The score is introduced to define the importance of each key, the larger, the more important, the less likely they will be evicted. Eviction only happens when a bucket is full. The score_type must be uint64_t. For more detail, please refer to class EvictStrategy.

Name	Definition of Score
Lru	Device clock in a nanosecond, which could differ slightly from host clock.
Lfu	Frequency increment provided by caller via the input parameter of scores of insert-like APIs as the increment of frequency.
EpochLru	The high 32bits is the global epoch provided via the input parameter of global_epoch, the low 32bits is equal to (device_clock >> 20) & 0xffffffff with granularity close to 1 ms.
EpochLfu	The high 32bits is the global epoch provided via the input parameter of global_epoch, the low 32bits is the frequency, the frequency will keep constant after reaching the max value of 0xffffffff.
Customized	Fully provided by the caller via the input parameter of scores of insert-like APIs.

• Note:
  • The insert-like APIs mean the APIs of insert_or_assign, insert_and_evict, find_or_insert, accum_or_assign, and find_or_insert.
  • The global_epoch should be maintained by the caller and input as the input parameter of insert-like APIs.

Configuration Options

It's recommended to keep the default configuration for the options ending with *.

Name	Type	Default	Description
init_capacity	size_t	0	The initial capacity of the hash table.
max_capacity	size_t	0	The maximum capacity of the hash table.
max_hbm_for_vectors	size_t	0	The maximum HBM for vectors, in bytes.
dim	size_t	64	The dimension of the value vectors.
max_bucket_size*	size_t	128	The length of each bucket.
max_load_factor*	float	0.5f	The max load factor before rehashing.
block_size*	int	128	The default block size for CUDA kernels.
io_block_size*	int	1024	The block size for IO CUDA kernels.
device_id*	int	-1	The ID of device. Managed internally when set to -1
io_by_cpu*	bool	false	The flag indicating if the CPU handles IO.
reserved_key_start_bit	int	0	The start bit offset of reserved key in the 64 bit

• Fore more details refer to struct HashTableOptions.

Reserved Keys

• By default, the keys of 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFD, 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFE, and 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF are reserved for internal using. change options.reserved_key_start_bit if you want to use the above keys. reserved_key_start_bit has a valid range from 0 to 62. The default value is 0, which is the above default reserved keys. When reserved_key_start_bit is set to any value other than 0, the least significant bit (bit 0) is always 0 for any reserved key.

• Setting reserved_key_start_bit = 1:

  • This setting reserves the two least significant bits 1 and 2 for the reserved keys.
  • In binary, the last four bits range from 1000 to 1110. Here, the least significant bit (bit 0) is always 0, and bits from 3 to 63 are set to 1.
  • The new reserved keys in hexadecimal representation are as follows:
    • 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFE
    • 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFC
    • 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF8
    • 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFA

• Setting reserved_key_start_bit = 2:

  • This configuration reserves bits 2 and 3 as reserved keys.
  • The binary representation for the last five bits ranges from 10010 to 11110, with the least significant bit (bit 0) always set to 0, and bits from 4 to 63 are set to 1.

• if you change the reserved_key_start_bit, you should use same value for save/load For more detail, please refer to init_reserved_keys

How to use:

#include "merlin_hashtable.cuh"


using TableOptions = nv::merlin::HashTableOptions;
using EvictStrategy = nv::merlin::EvictStrategy;

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
  using K = uint64_t;
  using V = float;
  using S = uint64_t;
  
  // 1. Define the table and use LRU eviction strategy.
  using HKVTable = nv::merlin::HashTable<K, V, S, EvictStrategy::kLru>;
  std::unique_ptr<HKVTable> table = std::make_unique<HKVTable>();
  
  // 2. Define the configuration options.
  TableOptions options;
  options.init_capacity = 16 * 1024 * 1024;
  options.max_capacity = options.init_capacity;
  options.dim = 16;
  options.max_hbm_for_vectors = nv::merlin::GB(16);
  
  
  // 3. Initialize the table memory resource.
  table->init(options);
  
  // 4. Use table to do something.
  
  return 0;
}

Usage restrictions

• The key_type must be int64_t or uint64_t.
• The score_type must be uint64_t.

Contributors

HierarchicalKV is co-maintianed by NVIDIA Merlin Team and NVIDIA product end-users, and also open for public contributions, bug fixes, and documentation. [Contribute]

How to build

Basically, HierarchicalKV is a headers only library, the commands below only create binaries for benchmark and unit testing.

Your environment must meet the following requirements:

• CUDA version >= 11.2
• NVIDIA GPU with compute capability 8.0, 8.6, 8.7 or 9.0
• GCC supports `C++17' standard or later.
• Bazel version >= 3.7.2 (Bazel compile only)

with cmake

git clone --recursive https://github.com/NVIDIA-Merlin/HierarchicalKV.git
cd HierarchicalKV && mkdir -p build && cd build
cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -Dsm=80 .. && make -j

For Debug:

cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug -Dsm=80 .. && make -j

For Benchmark:

./merlin_hashtable_benchmark

For Unit Test:

./merlin_hashtable_test

with bazel

• DON'T use the option of --recursive for git clone.
• Please modify the environment variables in the .bazelrc file in advance if using the customized docker images.
• The docker images maintained on nvcr.io/nvidia/tensorflow are highly recommended.

Pull the docker image:

docker pull nvcr.io/nvidia/tensorflow:22.09-tf2-py3
docker run --gpus all -it --rm nvcr.io/nvidia/tensorflow:22.09-tf2-py3

Compile in docker container:

git clone https://github.com/NVIDIA-Merlin/HierarchicalKV.git
cd HierarchicalKV && bash bazel_build.sh

For Benchmark:

./benchmark_util

Benchmark & Performance(W.I.P)

• GPU: 1 x NVIDIA A100 80GB PCIe: 8.0
• Key Type = uint64_t
• Value Type = float32 * {dim}
• Key-Values per OP = 1048576
• Evict strategy: LRU
• λ: load factor
• find* means the find API that directly returns the addresses of values.
• find_or_insert* means the find_or_insert API that directly returns the addresses of values.
• Throughput Unit: Billion-KV/second

On pure HBM mode:

• dim = 8, capacity = 128 Million-KV, HBM = 4 GB, HMEM = 0 GB

λ	insert_or_assign	find	find_or_insert	assign	find*	find_or_insert*	insert_and_evict
0.50	1.093	2.470	1.478	1.770	3.726	1.447	1.075
0.75	1.045	2.452	1.335	1.807	3.374	1.309	1.013
1.00	0.655	2.481	0.612	1.815	1.865	0.619	0.511

λ	export_batch	export_batch_if	contains
0.50	2.087	12.258	3.121
0.75	2.045	12.447	3.094
1.00	1.950	2.657	3.096

• dim = 32, capacity = 128 Million-KV, HBM = 16 GB, HMEM = 0 GB

λ	insert_or_assign	find	find_or_insert	assign	find*	find_or_insert*	insert_and_evict
0.50	0.961	2.272	1.278	1.706	3.718	1.435	0.931
0.75	0.930	2.238	1.177	1.693	3.369	1.316	0.866
1.00	0.646	2.321	0.572	1.783	1.873	0.618	0.469

λ	export_batch	export_batch_if	contains
0.50	0.692	10.784	3.100
0.75	0.569	10.240	3.075
1.00	0.551	0.765	3.096

• dim = 64, capacity = 64 Million-KV, HBM = 16 GB, HMEM = 0 GB

λ	insert_or_assign	find	find_or_insert	assign	find*	find_or_insert*	insert_and_evict
0.50	0.834	1.982	1.113	1.499	3.950	1.502	0.805
0.75	0.801	1.951	1.033	1.493	3.545	1.359	0.773
1.00	0.621	2.021	0.608	1.541	1.965	0.613	0.481

λ	export_batch	export_batch_if	contains
0.50	0.316	8.199	3.239
0.75	0.296	8.549	3.198
1.00	0.288	0.395	3.225

On HBM+HMEM hybrid mode:

• dim = 64, capacity = 128 Million-KV, HBM = 16 GB, HMEM = 16 GB

λ	insert_or_assign	find	find_or_insert	assign	find*	find_or_insert*
0.50	0.083	0.124	0.109	0.131	3.705	1.435
0.75	0.083	0.122	0.111	0.129	3.221	1.274
1.00	0.073	0.123	0.095	0.126	1.854	0.617

λ	export_batch	export_batch_if	contains
0.50	0.318	8.086	3.122
0.75	0.294	5.549	3.111
1.00	0.287	0.393	3.075

• dim = 64, capacity = 512 Million-KV, HBM = 32 GB, HMEM = 96 GB

λ	insert_or_assign	find	find_or_insert	assign	find*	find_or_insert*
0.50	0.049	0.069	0.049	0.069	3.484	1.370
0.75	0.049	0.069	0.049	0.069	3.116	1.242
1.00	0.047	0.072	0.047	0.070	1.771	0.607

λ	export_batch	export_batch_if	contains
0.50	0.316	8.181	3.073
0.75	0.293	8.950	3.052
1.00	0.292	0.394	3.026

Support and Feedback:

If you encounter any issues or have questions, go to https://github.com/NVIDIA-Merlin/HierarchicalKV/issues and submit an issue so that we can provide you with the necessary resolutions and answers.

Acknowledgment

We are very grateful to external initial contributors @Zhangyafei and @Lifan for their design, coding, and review work.

License

Apache License 2.0