Fix: dead link URL in doc

[parmaski]

Reference issue

none

What does this implement/fix?

fix dead (HTTP status 40X) or moved (30X) URL links in documents.

Additional information

Links to new sites found manually

• The sites not explicitly redirected but convinced to be successors
  1. original-> new site
  2. original -> new site
• new sites not found, then redirected to Wayback Machine because helpful to understand the algorithms
  • https://web.archive.org/web/20200130224918/http://doswa.com/2009/07/13/circle-segment-intersectioncollision.html
  • https://web.archive.org/web/20201103052224/https://sites.google.com/site/ece452bugalgorithms/

Links dead but not fixed in this PR

• The link shows This repo has been deactivated, but no way to fix
  • https://codecov.io/gh/AtsushiSakai/PythonRobotics
• new sites not found but unfixed links because just educational course introductions
  • http://cobweb.cs.uga.edu/~ramviyas/csci_x530.html
  • https://courses.cit.ie/index.cfm/page/module/moduleId/14416

CheckList

• Did you add an unittest for your new example or defect fix?
• Did you add documents for your new example?
• All CIs are green? (You can check it after submitting)

[parmaski]

On CI, ruff reports errors on the lines where I made no change.
I beg to leave these lines irresponsible for me as it is.

[AtsushiSakai]

Thank you so much for this great clean up PR.

For these links, could you please remove these link?

The link shows This repo has been deactivated, but no way to fix
https://codecov.io/gh/AtsushiSakai/PythonRobotics
new sites not found but unfixed links because just educational course introductions
http://cobweb.cs.uga.edu/~ramviyas/csci_x530.html
https://courses.cit.ie/index.cfm/page/module/moduleId/14416

[parmaski]

@AtsushiSakai I've fixed.
Since no educational users are left, I've also modified the description.